Influence of the training model on ground reaction force during the Oi-tsuki punch in karate

Abstract

Problem Statement: Karate is a complex discipline in which multiple practice and training coexist. Traditional Karate is characterized by a methodological approach based on the integrated practice of Kihon, Kata and Kumite, whereas modern Sport Karate emphasizes training oriented toward competitive performance. To date, there is a lack of experimental comparisons capable of clarifying whether, and to what extent, these differing training approaches influence ground reaction force production and force impulse during the execution of the Oitsuki punch. Therefore, the actual biomechanical effectiveness of the two practice models remains unclear. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare ground reaction force and force impulse generated during the execution of the Oi-tsuki punch in Traditional Karate practitioners and Sport Karate athletes, in order to verify whether different training models influence the ability to effectively exploit ground propulsion and force transmission along the kinetic chain. Approach: The study involved a sample of 30 Traditional Karate practitioners trained according to the three Ks method (Kihon, Kata and Kumite) and 30 competitive Sport Karate athletes engaged in a specialised competition-oriented training programme. Ground reaction force was recorded using a force platform during the execution of the Oi-tsuki punch from a standardised Zenkutsudachi stance. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups in ground reaction force production during the execution of the Oi-tsuki punch. Traditional Karate practitioners showed a higher peak vertical ground reaction force than Sport Karate athletes (1985 ± 265 N vs 1710 ± 240 N; p = .003; d = 1.08). Similarly, force impulse was greater in the Traditional Karate group compared with the Sport Karate group (315 ± 42 N·s vs 268 ± 38 N·s; p = .001; d = 1.17). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the adopted training model has a substantial impact on the ability to generate and transfer force through interaction with the ground during the execution of the Oi-tsuki punch. The higher ground reaction force and impulse values observed in Traditional Karate practitioners suggest a more efficient use of the kinetic chain.