Determinants of surfing performance: A systematic review of the multifactorial factors involved

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to investigate the physical, technical, physiological, and psychological factors that influence performance in surfing. Methods: Literature searches were performed in the PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, SciELO, LILACS, and Web of Science databases between July 5 and 11, 2025. The search followed the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration and PRISMA-2020. The methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies were assessed using tools from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Results: Physical factors, including upper limb strength, core strength, lumbar flexibility, and hamstring flexibility, were associated with performance in executing the pop-up technique. Success in aerial maneuvers was linked to hip and knee mobility, which also contributes to injury reduction. Within the physiological domain, pre-warming strategies were shown to be effective in enhancing performance. During sprint paddling, the latissimus dorsi and deltoid muscles exhibit greater activation; furthermore, sodium bicarbonate supplementation may enhance paddling performance by increasing anaerobic capacity. Heart rate can approach maximum levels, increasing the risk of premature falls, as can low energy availability, which may also impact overall yield. Technical studies revealed that aerial maneuvers vary in height, efficiency, and execution according to the type of movement and the surfer's gender, with high technical fidelity in simulations and significant joint differences between styles. Conclusion: An integrated approach to the relationship between strength, mobility, and pop-up execution techniques is recommended, as is the importance of developing flexibility and balance for performing aerial maneuvers. Emphasis is placed on enhancing aerobic and anaerobic capacities, as they are determinants of both wave-riding duration and recovery efficiency between efforts. It is also suggested that sodium bicarbonate supplementation be investigated as a potential strategy to optimize paddling performance. Finally, special attention is recommended to psychological factors and, above all, to the prevention of low energy availability due to its potential negative impact on performance. The results confirm that surfing performance is inherently multifaceted. However, significant gaps remain in the understanding of biomechanical technical patterns, in the consideration of psychological factors, and in studies involving female athletes. Future research should address these gaps to optimize training strategies and maximize performance potential in the sport.