Cognitive and ecological–dynamic approaches to enjoyment in youth volleyball: A comparative analysis

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, Volley S3 has gained recognition as an innovative sport that prioritizes children's enjoyment and overall experience, revitalizing the traditional methods of teaching volleyball to children and adolescents. Enjoyment is essential in the learning process because it increases learner engagement and promotes the development of positive motor skills and sport-related experiences. Additionally, enjoyment is related to reduced dropout rates in youth sports, encouraging sustained participation and long-term commitment to physical activity. The aim of this exploratory study is to investigate the levels of enjoyment reported by children practicing Volley S3, comparing two teaching methodologies: the cognitive approach and the ecological– dynamic approach. Material and Methods: The study involved twelve children with an average age of 11 years (±0.9), who participated in eight training sessions. Four sessions used the cognitive approach, and four used the ecological–dynamic approach, ensuring each child experienced both methods. Data were collected using the Italian version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES-It), which recorded positive, neutral, and negative responses to the two teaching styles. Results: Findings revealed a higher proportion of positive feedback for the ecological–dynamic approach (80%) compared to the cognitive approach (36%), along with decreases in neutral (19% vs. 52%) and negative feedback (5% vs. 12%). Discussion: These findings indicate that flexible learning environments, characterized by athlete–environment interaction, variability of practice, and student autonomous discovery, consistent with the ecological dynamics framework, can increase young athletes' motivation and engagement. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study stimulates reflection on teaching methods and goals in youth sports, especially in Volley S3, encouraging coaches and educators to create student-centered environments that foster positive, meaningful, and engaging physical experiences.