Physical fitness levels and characteristics of volleyball players across different age groups

Abstract

Physical development and functional abilities undergo considerable changes during early adolescence, particularly among young athletes. This study compared physical growth, fitness levels, and sport-specific technical skills of young volleyball players aged 10–11 and 12–13 years. A cross-sectional comparative study was performed with 60 volleyball players divided into two age groups (n = 30 each). Assessments included anthropometric measurements, physical fitness indicators, functional capacities, reaction times, and volleyballspecific skills. Statistical analyses involved descriptive statistics, Student's t-tests, and correlation analysis. Results demonstrated significant age-related improvements in height (p < 0.01), body weight (p < 0.001), flexibility (p < 0.001), right-hand strength (p < 0.05), explosive strength tasks (p = 0.01–0.05), agility (p < 0.05), and aerobic performance (p = 0.001–0.05). Reaction time and cognitive–motor abilities showed no statistically significant differences. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between physical development, fitness parameters, and functional capacities, particularly in the 10–11 age group. In the 12–13-year-olds, relationships between strength, speed, agility, and autonomic functions became stronger and more organized. The findings indicate that motor performance, strength, and agility develop considerably between ages 10 and 13, alongside gradual maturation of cognitive–motor skills. The strengthening correlations between physical development and functional abilities with age reflect neuromuscular and physiological adaptations. Regular volleyball training significantly improves physical development and work capacity in young players. Structured training during early adolescence can improve athletic performance potential by increasing strength, speed, and endurance.