Extending the trans-contextual model of motivation: Roles of controlling climate and basic need satisfaction and frustration

Abstract

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness, basic psychological needs, are recognized as key factors influencing motivation in physical education (PE). Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study examines how the fulfillment and frustration of these needs mediate the relationship between students' perceptions of the motivational climate in PE and their intentions to engage in physical activity during free time. The study involved 250 fifth- and sixth-grade students (mean age = 11.66 years, SD = 0.68), who completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of autonomy-supportive versus controlling teaching styles in physical education experiences of psychological need satisfaction and frustration, self-determined motivation in both school and leisure contexts, and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) related to intentions and behaviors in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Path analysis confirmed the expected associations: an autonomysupportive environment in PE was linked to reduced frustration of psychological needs, whereas a controlling climate was related to greater frustration. In particular, autonomy frustration was a significant negative predictor of self-determined motivation within the PE setting. This motivation, when transferred to leisure-time contexts, was positively associated with TPB-related outcomes, such as attitudes, perceived norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions toward LTPA. The study lends empirical support to the trans-contextual model of motivation, illustrating how motivational dynamics in PE can extend to influence physical activity behavior beyond the school environment. It also emphasizes the importance of differentiating between the satisfaction and frustration of psychological needs, as each has a distinct effect on motivation. Ultimately, the findings highlight the value of cultivating autonomy-supportive PE climates to enhance students' motivation and encourage regular engagement in physical activity during their leisure time.