Strength training of young gymnasts using non-standardized means

Abstract

Background and Aim: This study aimed to identify the biomechanical characteristics of motor actions, focusing on the manifestation of muscle force during adduction and abduction in both supinated and pronated arm positions in the frontal plane. It also explored how these factors influenced technical mastery and performance in competitions. The primary objective of the research was to develop and scientifically justify a specialized strength training program for gymnasts aged 14–15, using weights and resistance exercises. Material and Methods. The study included 24 gymnasts aged 14–15, divided into an experimental group and a control group. Strength tests were performed using a patented belt transmission dynamometer, assessing the strength of adduction movements (top to bottom) and abduction movements (bottom to top) in three arm positions (left and right). Specific training programs incorporating weights and resistance were developed for each apparatus used in men's gymnastics polyathlon. They were tailored to the training stages and the age of athletes. The loads, repetitions and training regimens were optimized so that to enhance performance. Results. Absolute strength indicators recorded before the experiment showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups (P>0.05). Pedagogical observations indicated that 75% of the strength abilities demonstrated by gymnasts were dynamic, while 25% were static. Analyzing shoulder muscle strength indicators for adduction and abduction revealed the statistical significance between the control group and the experimental one. Highly significant differences (6.25%, p<0.001) were observed in the supinated adduction test for the right arm. Other significant differences (56.25%, p<0.01) were found during the arm adduction and abduction tests in various positions. These different values in supination and pronation for both arms - right and left - confirm the impact of training on the specific strength of scapular girdle. Moderately significant differences (6.25%, p<0.05) were observed in the adduction test with the hand moving inward (right arm) Non-significant differences (31.25%, p>0.05) were identified in the following tests: pronated adduction - right arm; pronated abduction from bottom - right arm; inward abduction from bottom - right arm; pronated adduction from bottom - left arm; supinated abduction of the right arm from the side. The technical evaluation of gymnasts was carried out according to the rules of the International Gymnastics Federation. It emphasized the connection between specific strength levels and performance in the execution of elements. The evaluation underlines the importance of developing adduction and abduction strength of the scapular girdle to enhance competitiveness. Conclusions. This study highlighted the considerable influence of developing specific adduction and abduction strength of the scapular girdle on technical mastery and competitive performance in gymnasts aged 14-15. The implementation of a specialized exercise program, using weights and resistance, led to statistically significant improvements in both dynamic and static strength. Thus, this program demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.