Changes in physical performance across the season in professional soccer players: A comprehensive evaluation of aerobic capacity, jump performance, and anthropometric characteristics

Abstract

Problem statement and purpose: Soccer, involves high-intensity bouts and unpredictable demands, requiring a thorough understanding of the sport's physical requirements for to optimize training strategies. Professional players cover substantial distances during matches, frequently shifting between different intensity levels. While most actions are of lower intensity, high-intensity efforts, such as sprints and rapid changes of direction, play a critical role in performance. Approach: Comprehensive evaluations, including the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Mognoni Test, are critical to capture physiological results and ensure high-level performance throughout the season. A cohort of 28 male professional soccer players from a Serie C team underwent assessments at three points during the season. Tests included anthropometric measurements, the Mognoni field test for aerobic capacity, CMJ for explosive strength, and a High Intensity Running Test (HIT). All tests were conducted under standardized conditions, and statistical analyses employed ANOVA or Krustal-Wallis tests. Results: Body fat percentage significantly decreased across evaluations, indicating a positive adaptation. Blood lactate concentrations in both Mognoni and HIT tests decreased, suggesting improved aerobic capacity and adaptation to high-intensity training. CMJ parameters remained stable, except for a decrease in CMJ normalized power. Individual variability in vertical jump performance emphasizes the need for continual neuromuscular stimulation. The results showed dynamic physiological adaptations during the soccer season. Conclusion: Our study suggests that optimizing body composition, monitoring training loads, and addressing individual responses are crucial for effective training. Coaches should prioritize monitoring power normalized per weight and blood lactate during the competitive season to tailor interventions for maximal efficiency in explosive movements and overall performance.